Figure Credits & Licenses

Open-licensed images stored in this repository, with source and attribution. Only public-domain or Creative-Commons images are stored here — copyrighted operative figures/atlases (Neurosurgical Atlas, Rhoton) are linked from each guide, not stored.

Public domain (Gray’s Anatomy 1918 / Sobotta 1909 — PD by age)

| File | Depicts | Source | |——|———|——–| | anatomy/circle-of-willis_sobotta-1909.png | Arteries of the base of the brain (circle of Willis) | Sobotta 1909; Wikimedia | | anatomy/ventricles_gray734.png | Ventricular system (relations to brain surface) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray734) | | anatomy/pituitary-sella_gray1180.png | Pituitary gland / sella (sagittal) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray1180) | | anatomy/skull-base-interior_gray193.png | Interior base of skull (fossae, foramina) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray193) | | spine/spinal-cord-cross-section_gray664.png | Spinal cord cross-section (mid-thoracic) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray664) | | spine/vertebral-column_gray111.png | Vertebral column (numbering) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray111) | | peripheral/brachial-plexus_gray808.png | Brachial plexus | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray808) | | spine/lumbar-plexus_gray822.png | Lumbar plexus (psoas relations) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray822) | | spine/thoracic-vertebra-superior_gray90.png | Thoracic vertebra (superior view — pedicle/TP) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray90) | | spine/thoracic-vertebra-lateral_gray91.png | Thoracic vertebra (lateral view) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray91) | | spine/lumbar-vertebra-superior_gray93.png | Lumbar vertebra (superior view — pedicle ‘eye’) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray93) | | spine/lumbar-vertebra-lateral_gray94.png | Lumbar vertebra (lateral view) | Gray’s Anatomy 1918 (Gray94) |

Creative Commons (attribution required)

| File | Depicts | Source | License | |——|———|——–|———| | pterional/scalp-fascia-layers_cureus-e5216.jpg | Scalp & temporal fascial layers | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5216 (PMC6759424) | CC BY | | pterional/sta-facial-nerve_cureus-e5216.jpg | STA + frontotemporal branches of CN VII | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5216 | CC BY | | pterional/temporalis-dissection-oikawa_cureus-e5216.jpg | Temporalis dissection (Oikawa/interfascial) | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5216 | CC BY | | pterional/mma-course_cureus-e5216.jpg | Middle meningeal artery course (lateral skull) | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5216 | CC BY | | pterional/pterional-exposure_brainsci-2021.jpg | Pterional approach exposure (positioning→intradural) | Poblete T et al. Brain Sci. 2021;11(4):519 (PMC8073207) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-vascular/circle-of-willis-cta_brainsci-519.jpg | Supraclinoid ICA & circle of Willis (axial CTA) | Poblete T et al. Brain Sci 2021;11(4):519 (PMC8073207) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-vascular/ica-bifurcation-mca_brainsci-519.jpg | ICA bifurcation, PComA/AChA, MCA segments | Poblete T et al. Brain Sci 2021;11(4):519 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-vascular/aca-acomm-complex_brainsci-519.jpg | ACA / anterior communicating complex | Poblete T et al. Brain Sci 2021;11(4):519 | CC BY 4.0 | | retrosigmoid/muscle-layers_cureus-e16068.jpg | Postauricular superficial/deep muscle layers (retrosigmoid) | Belykh E et al. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16068 (PMC8336623) | CC BY 4.0 | | retrosigmoid/sinuses-asterion_cureus-e16068.jpg | Sigmoid/transverse sinuses & asterion landmark | Belykh E et al. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16068 | CC BY 4.0 | | retrosigmoid/operative-steps_cureus-e16068.jpg | Step-by-step retrosigmoid dissection | Belykh E et al. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16068 | CC BY 4.0 | | orbitozygomatic/fascial-dissection_cureus-e6053.jpg | Fascial dissection planes (facial-nerve protection) | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(11):e6053 (PMC6945284) | CC BY | | orbitozygomatic/two-piece-ftoz_cureus-e6053.jpg | Two-piece FTOZ osteotomy technique | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(11):e6053 | CC BY | | orbitozygomatic/one-piece-ftoz_cureus-e6053.jpg | One-piece FTOZ osteotomy / burr holes | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(11):e6053 | CC BY | | subtemporal/middle-fossa-bony-anatomy_frontsurg-2023.jpg | Middle cranial fossa bony anatomy | Front Surg. 2023;10:1132774 (article) | CC BY 4.0 | | subtemporal/kawase-triangle-foramina_frontsurg-2023.jpg | Middle fossa foramina & Kawase’s rhomboid | Front Surg. 2023;10:1132774 | CC BY 4.0 | | supraorbital/operative-steps_frontsurg-2022.jpg | Eyebrow incision, bone flap, frontal sinus, CSF release | Wang X et al. Front Surg. 2022;9:971063 (PMC9491022) | CC BY 4.0 | | supraorbital/intradural-optic_frontsurg-2022.jpg | Endoscopic subfrontal view — optic nerve & tumor | Wang X et al. Front Surg. 2022;9:971063 | CC BY 4.0 | | supraorbital/mri-tuberculum_frontsurg-2022.jpg | Pre/post-op MRI, tuberculum sellae meningioma | Wang X et al. Front Surg. 2022;9:971063 | CC BY 4.0 | | anterior-cervical/carotid-relationship_cureus-e91106.jpg | CTA — medialized carotid relative to prevertebral space | Bhenderu LS et al. Cureus 2025;17:e91106 (PMC12466316) | CC BY 4.0 | | posterior-cervical/lateral-mass-screw-ct_medint-2024.jpg | Axial CT — lateral mass screw trajectory (C4) | Attallah M et al. Med Int. 2024;4(4):159 (PMC11097134) | CC BY 4.0 | | telovelar/cmf-approaches_neurosurgrev-2026.jpg | Cerebellomedullary fissure / telovelar schematic | Neurosurg Rev 2026 (PMC12963120) | CC BY 4.0 | | telovelar/velar-anatomy_neurosurgrev-2026.jpg | Fourth-ventricular roof — tela & inferior medullary velum | Neurosurg Rev 2026 | CC BY 4.0 | | presigmoid-petrosal/anterior-petrosal-kawase_frontneurol-2026.jpg | Anterior transpetrosal (Kawase) drilling | Front Neurol 2026;17:1736101 | CC BY 4.0 | | presigmoid-petrosal/translabyrinthine-drilling_frontneurol-2026.jpg | Translabyrinthine/retrolabyrinthine petrous drilling | Front Neurol 2026;17:1736101 | CC BY 4.0 | | bifrontal/ogm-crista-galli_cureus-e101289.jpg | OGM MRI + aerated crista galli | Cureus 2026;18:e101289 (PMC12889192) | CC BY 4.0 | | bifrontal/bifrontal-craniotomy-ct_cureus-e101289.jpg | Bifrontal craniotomy outlines (CT) | Cureus 2026;18:e101289 | CC BY 4.0 | | retrosigmoid/bony-anatomy_cureus-e16068.jpg | Osseous anatomy of the retrosigmoid region | Belykh E et al. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16068 | CC BY 4.0 | | retrosigmoid/corridors_cureus-e16068.jpg | Standard vs extended retrosigmoid corridors | Belykh E et al. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16068 | CC BY 4.0 | | far-lateral/c1-anatomy_cureus-e31257.jpg | C1 (atlas) anatomy & vertebral-artery groove | Payman A et al. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31257 | CC BY 4.0 | | far-lateral/ccj-condyle_cureus-e31257.jpg | CCJ after muscle dissection — condyle/VA | Payman A et al. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31257 | CC BY 4.0 | | far-lateral/modifications_cureus-e31257.jpg | Supracondylar/paracondylar modifications | Payman A et al. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31257 | CC BY 4.0 | | orbitozygomatic/three-piece-ftoz_cureus-e6053.jpg | Three-piece FTOZ osteotomy | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(11):e6053 | CC BY | | orbitozygomatic/mini-oz_cureus-e6053.jpg | Mini-orbitozygomatic (MacCarty keyhole) | Rodriguez Rubio R et al. Cureus. 2019;11(11):e6053 | CC BY | | subtemporal/carotid-canal-gspn_frontsurg-2023.jpg | Petrous carotid canal, GSPN, IAC | Front Surg. 2023;10:1132774 | CC BY 4.0 | | subtemporal/dural-meckel_frontsurg-2023.jpg | Middle-fossa dural anatomy / Meckel’s cave | Front Surg. 2023;10:1132774 | CC BY 4.0 | | telovelar/normal-4v-variants_neurosurgrev-2026.jpg | Normal fourth-ventricle approach variants | Neurosurg Rev 2026 | CC BY 4.0 | | presigmoid-petrosal/3d-temporal-bone_frontneurol-2026.jpg | 3D temporal-bone model | Front Neurol 2026;17:1736101 | CC BY 4.0 | | posterior-thoracolumbar/thoracic-exposure_cureus-e501.jpg | Thoracic exposure — SAP & transverse process (pedicle entry landmarks) | Avila MJ, Baaj AA. Cureus 2016;8(3):e501 (PMC4803536) | CC BY | | posterior-thoracolumbar/pedicle-entry-point_cureus-e501.jpg | Thoracic pedicle screw entry point & drilling | Avila MJ, Baaj AA. Cureus 2016;8(3):e501 | CC BY | | transpsoas/lateral-trajectory_cureus-e41733.jpg | Lateral approach trajectory to lumbar discs | Cureus 2023;15(7):e41733 (PMC10415110) | CC BY 4.0 | | transpsoas/retroperitoneal-anatomy_cureus-e41733.jpg | Retroperitoneal anatomy — QL, psoas, peritoneum | Cureus 2023;15(7):e41733 | CC BY 4.0 | | transpsoas/retroperitoneal-development_cureus-e41733.jpg | Retroperitoneal space development technique | Cureus 2023;15(7):e41733 | CC BY 4.0 | | transthoracic/preop-mri_cureus-e94142.jpg | Thoracic disc (T9/10) MRI — ventral cord compression | Cureus 2025;17:e94142 (PMC12594287) | CC BY 4.0 | | transthoracic/mini-thoracotomy-incision_cureus-e94142.jpg | Mini-thoracotomy incision (lateral decubitus) | Cureus 2025;17:e94142 | CC BY 4.0 | | transthoracic/corpectomy-cavity_cureus-e94142.jpg | Box-shaped vertebral cavity for ventral decompression | Cureus 2025;17:e94142 | CC BY 4.0 | | far-lateral/muscles-va_cureus-e31257.jpg | Suboccipital muscle layers & vertebral artery | Payman A et al. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31257 (PMC9733796) | CC BY | | far-lateral/craniotomy-c1-dura_cureus-e31257.jpg | Far-lateral craniotomy + C1, dura/VA/sinuses | Payman A et al. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31257 | CC BY | | far-lateral/condylectomy-hypoglossal_cureus-e31257.jpg | Posterior-third condylectomy & hypoglossal canal | Payman A et al. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31257 | CC BY | | cranial-tumor/glioma-preop-postop-mri-dti_fneur-644804.jpg | GBM — preop MRI + DTI tractography / postop gross-total-resection MRI | Maragkos GA et al. Front Neurol 2021;12:644804 (doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.644804) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/glioma-5ala-fluorescence_fneur-644804.jpg | Intraoperative 5-ALA (PpIX) fluorescence — tumor bulk & infiltrative margin | Maragkos GA et al. Front Neurol 2021;12:644804 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/vs-mri-ct-fusion-classification_fsurg-889402.jpg | Vestibular schwannoma — MRI/CT fusion (tumor, sigmoid sinus, labyrinth); LSL classification | Jia X et al. Front Surg 2022;9:889402 (doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.889402) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/vs-iac-microscopic-facialnerve_fsurg-889402.jpg | Intraoperative microscopic IAC view — intrameatal tumor / fundus interface | Jia X et al. Front Surg 2022;9:889402 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-vascular/mca-clip-icg_fsurg-2019-34.jpg | MCA aneurysm — dissected/clipped neck + intraop ICG showing exclusion & branch patency | Norat P et al. Front Surg 2019;6:34 (doi:10.3389/fsurg.2019.00034) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-vascular/basilar-clip-icg-perforators_fsurg-2019-34.jpg | Basilar-apex aneurysm (OZ) — perforator dissection + post-clip ICG perforator preservation | Norat P et al. Front Surg 2019;6:34 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-functional/dbs-workflow-planning-mer_fneur-683532.jpg | DBS workflow — planning, MER/microstimulation, lead-placement assessment | Shi L et al. Front Neurol 2021;12:683532 (doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.683532) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-functional/dbs-mri-targeting-postop-verification_fneur-683532.jpg | DBS — preop MRI targeting + postop CT/MRI-fusion lead verification | Shi L et al. Front Neurol 2021;12:683532 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-functional/dbs-stn-snr-mer-signals_fneur-683532.jpg | Intraoperative MER — STN vs SNr signal signatures | Shi L et al. Front Neurol 2021;12:683532 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/metastasis-perirolandic-anatomy_fonc-572644.jpg | Perirolandic homunculus + BM infiltrative growth pattern | Zuo C et al. Front Oncol 2020;10:572644 (doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.572644) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/metastasis-dti-cst-postop_fonc-572644.jpg | Metastasis vs corticospinal tract — DTI/MRI fusion + postop resection | Zuo C et al. Front Oncol 2020;10:572644 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/metastasis-brain-mapping_fonc-572644.jpg | Intraoperative SEP phase-reversal / central-sulcus mapping | Zuo C et al. Front Oncol 2020;10:572644 | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/pituitary-macroadenoma-iomri-cavernous_fonc-733838.jpg | Pituitary macroadenoma — preop + intraop coronal T1 MRI (cavernous-sinus residual) | Celtikci E et al. Front Oncol 2021;11:733838 (doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.733838) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/pituitary-ious-endonasal-cavernous-ica_fonc-1043697.jpg | Endonasal side-firing intraoperative ultrasound — parasellar/cavernous ICA | Baker C et al. Front Oncol 2022;12:1043697 (doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1043697) | CC BY 4.0 | | cranial-tumor/parasagittal-meningioma-classification_fneur-1364917.jpg | Parasagittal meningioma — SSS-invasion classification & surgical strategy | Duan C et al. Front Neurol 2024;15:1364917 (doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1364917) | CC BY | | cranial-tumor/parasagittal-meningioma-mri-mrv-intraop_fneur-1364917.jpg | Type II PSM — preop MRI/MRV, intraop sinus repair, postop MRI/MRV | Duan C et al. Front Neurol 2024;15:1364917 | CC BY |

Images resized for repo size; originals at the linked source. CC-BY figures are used with attribution per license. If any license is later found incompatible, the file is removed and replaced with a link.